Reference tables

The lookup tables you keep open in another tab — scales and chords, key signatures, MIDI numbers, frequencies and mixing ranges. Accurate, complete, and easy to scan.

Music theory

• Scale & Mode FormulasWhole/half-step patterns and intervals for every scale and mode.
• Chord FormulasScale degrees and intervals for every chord type, triads to 13ths.
• Common Chord ProgressionsThe progressions behind most popular music, in Roman numerals.
• Diatonic Chords & Roman NumeralsThe chords in a key and their harmonic function.
• Interval ReferenceEvery interval in semitones, cents and just-intonation ratios.
• Key SignaturesThe sharps and flats of every major and minor key.
• Note Values & DurationsWhole, half, quarter notes and how long each lasts.
• Tempo MarkingsLargo to Prestissimo, with approximate BPM ranges.
• Dynamics & Articulationpp to ff, plus crescendo, accent, staccato and legato.
• Instrument RangesLowest and highest note of common instruments.
• Standard String TuningsGuitar, bass, ukulele and orchestral string tunings.
• Tuning & TemperamentEqual, just and Pythagorean tuning compared in cents.

MIDI & audio

• General MIDI InstrumentsAll 128 GM program numbers and their families.
• General MIDI Drum MapWhich MIDI note triggers each percussion sound.
• MIDI CC ListEvery Control Change number and its standard function.
• MIDI Message ReferenceStatus and data bytes for Note On, CC, pitch bend and more.
• Note / MIDI / Frequency ChartAll 128 notes with MIDI numbers and frequencies.
• BPM to Delay TimeTempo-synced delay and reverb times in milliseconds.
• EQ & Frequency Cheat SheetMixing bands and instrument frequency ranges.
• Decibel (dB / dBFS) ReferenceWhat dB changes mean, and digital level basics.
• Audio File FormatsWAV, FLAC, MP3, AAC, Opus — lossless vs lossy.
• Audio Plugin FormatsVST, VST3, AU, AAX, CLAP and LV2 compared.

Need to work out a value live? Try the interactive calculators →